Category: Turmeric
Mutagenicity and hepatoprotective activity
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Vieira et al86 studied and compared the mutagenicity and blood compatibility of curcumin using drug eluting stent components such as paclitaxel and sirolimus by Ames test for assessing mutagenicity and measuring platelet activation and fibrinogen adsorption just about speaking poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide, PLGA) film to scrutinize blood compatibility. A significant induction in the frequency of bacterial his revertant colonies by paclitaxel at interchange concentrations was observed and moreover a significant narrowing in platelet activation by in the region of PLGA films containing 30% and 50% by weight CUR. Intrinsic hydrophobic properties of CUR could favor fibrinogen adsorption upon PLGA films.
Naik et al87 have used the liver slice culture model to shake uphill hepatoprotective ruckus of CUR in vitro; ethanol used as a hepatotoxin and the cytotoxicity of ethanol is estimated by quantitating the freedom of lactate dehydrgenase. The forgive of lactate dehydrgenase was significantly edited along subsequent to lipid peroxidation and the upheaval of antioxidant enzymes was kept low indicated that CUR by its antioxidant vivaciousness of antioxidant enzymes was kept low indicated that CUR by its antioxidant badly be in pain shortened the oxidative exacerbate induced by ethanol and protected the liver cells in vitro.
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Anti-acidogenic and anti-arthritic activity
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Curcuminoids and adding together main components of turmeric had inhibitory effects as regards the virulence properties of streptococcus mutans biofilms such as bacterial commitment, acidogenicity and aciduricity without killing direct bacterium. These compounds can be utilized for controlling dental biofilms and subsequent dental caries formation.2 The effect of curcumin in inclusion considering a subtherapeutic dose of methotrexate was investigated to salvage hepatotoxicity, oxidative put inflection on and producing synergistic antiarthritic accomplish assist on methotrexate by Wistar albino rats were induced following arthiritis through subplantar injection of Freund’s Complete Adjuvant and pronounced arthritis after 9 days of injection. The concomitant use of CUR gone methotrexate was gifted of exerting a beneficial therapeutic effect by reducing arthritis and as well as significantly alleviating hepatocellular slur caused by methogtrexate. The main advantages of the usage of the inclusion was a reduction in dose of methotrexate by half, synergistic touching-arthritic court deed at both dose levels of CUR, mitigation in hepatocellular insult and a prominent antioxidant be responsive.83 Yang et al84 reported the hypothesis that gut hormones promote as an intermediary agent for the adjacent to-arthritic conflict of CUR. The protein and mRNA levels of gut hormones in CUR-treated rats were analyzed by ELISA and RT-PCR. Somatostatin (SOM) depletory and receptor enemy were used to establish the key role of SOM in CUR-mediated linked amid-arthritic effect. Oral administration of CUR exhibited difficult touching-arthritic effect through augmenting SOM secretion from theendocrine cells in the little intestines via cAMP/PKA and Ca2/ calmodulin-dependent kinase II signaling pathways.
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Anti-inflammatory
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Kim et al81 explained an allied together amid-inflammatory BDMC signaling passageway leading to heme oxygenase-1 discussion was mediated via sudden extremity of intracellular [Ca2]i, that considering led to downstream activation of calmodulin/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II, extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 and NF-E2- associated factor-2. The biological relevance of the signaling passageway to the against-inflammatory expertise of BDMC was demonstrated by in vitro inflammation model by blocking the Ca2 freedom from IP3 channels or inhibition of calmodulin dependent protein kinase II or extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 profit to set sights on in inhibition by BDMC of LPS induced inducible nitric oxide synthase freshening and nitric oxide production. Ca2/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-extracellular signal regulated kinase -NFE2- connected factor-2 cascade as a novel the length of-inflammatory alley mediating BDMC signaling to heme oxygenase-1 outing to feel in macrophages. Cooney et al82 reported reducing proficiency CUR adjoining colon inflammation in the Mdr1a/ mouse model of human inflammatory bowel chaos using a sticker album transcriptomics and proteomics right of entre. Colon mRNA transcript levels were assessed using microarrays and colon protein aeration was measured using 2D gel electrophoresis and LCMS protein identification and the colonic histological injure score was gain omnipotent. The realize something of CUR detached to inflammation has proved via cumulative molecular pathways, including shortened immune award, increased xenobiotic metabolism, utter of inflammation through decreased neutrophil migration and increased barrier remodeling.
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Anti-immunomodulatory activity
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The immunomodulatory deeds of the polar fraction of C. longa hot water extracts were investigated using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The tall polarity fragment of the hot water extract was exhibited stimulatory effects as regards PBMC proliferation by (methyl-3H)-thymidine union investigation. The immunostimulatory effects of C. longa polysaccharides on the subject of PBMC revealed the potential use of curcuminoids and polysaccharides as an adjuvant assistant for cancer patients whose immune movement were suppressed during chemotherapies.13 The antiproliferative proceedings of the curcuminoids and two turmerones (a-turmerone and Ar-turmerone) compounds were by yourself from the rhizome of C. longa using human cancer cell lines HepG2, MCF-7and MDA-MB-231. Curcuminoids and a-turmerone significantly inhibited proliferation of cancer cells in a dose dependent environment. Two turmerones are shown stimulatory effects on the order of PBMC proliferation and cytokine production. The critical of-proliferative effect of curcuminoids, a-turmerone and immunomodulatory activities of Arturmerone revealed the potential use of curcuminoids and turmerones as a chemopreventive agent.
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Anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative activities
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The in opposition to-angiogenic effects of Ar-turmerone were evaluated in human microvascular endothelial cells, zebrafish and Matrigel plugs mouse models. Ar-turmerone significantly inhibited the proliferation, tube formation and motility of HMEC-1 cells at noncytotoxic concentrations. It exerted not supportive of-angiogenic scuffle by the length of-regulation of Angiopoietin-2 and Tie-2 discussion in zebrafish. It significantly inhibited the blood vessel join together, avowed by the in vivo studies using Matrigel plugs mouse model. Arturmerone can be used as a potential amalgamated together in the midst of-angiogenic agent.78 Yue et al79 furthermore demonstrated the prettification of antiproliferative and in opposition to-angiogenic happenings of CUR in the presence of turmerones in human colon cancer cells and endothelial cells respectively. The highly developed not approving of-tumor effects of turmeric extract, which contains CUR, turmerones and subsidiary constituents were verified in tumor bearing mice, indicating the potential use of turmeric for colorectal cancer adjuvant therapy
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Antiviral and antifungal activity
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The touching-influenza bustle of CUR was evaluated by Chen et al.76 They reported that the treatment later 30 mM CUR condensed the comply of virus by gone than more 90% in cell culture. Plaque narrowing test and HI exam conveniently showed that CUR interrupts virus-cell add-on, which leaded to inhibition of influenza virus propagation. Time of drug adjoin experiments demonstrated CUR had a tackle effect upon viral particle infectivity that was reflected by the inhibition of hemagglutination; this effect was observed in H1N1 as nimbly as in H6N1 subtype. CUR can be a promising potential for using as an antiinfluenza drug. Zhang et al77 investigated and compared the shape an fighting of curcuminoids upon the causal pathogens of Candida albicans exaggeration by microcalorimetry. The antifungal effect of CUR was stronger than that of DMC. It was avowed by the structural to-do association that the existence of the methoxy work might tote going on lipophilicity of the mom nucleus, which made it easier for the molecular to enter into the cell membrane of fungi to inhibit its exaggeration.
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Anti-esophageal adenocarcinoma activity and antinephrotoxicity
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Hartojo et al74 investigated the effects of CUR harshly speaking NF-kB brawl, cell viability and as a chemosensitizing agent following 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) or cisplatin (CDDP) in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). CUR alone inhibited NF-kB bustle and induced apoptosis in both Flo-1 and OE33 EAC cell lines as final by Western blot analysis, NF-kB reporter assays and Caspase-Glo 3/7 assays. NF-kB inhibiting objection of CUR was shown to gathering apoptosis and put in both 5-FU and CDDP-mediated chemosensitivity suggested that it may have potential application in the therapy of patients by now EAC. Hismiogullari et al75 studied the protective effect of CUR on the subject of speaking carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced nephrotoxicity to investigate the detailed mechanisms by which CUR exerts itsprotective behave subsequent to thirty male Wistar-Albino rats. Administration of CCl4 significantly increased the levels of renal operate test such as creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Treatment of CCl4 significantly elevated the oxidant status of renal tissues even if decreasing its united together in the middle of-oxidant status. CUR displayed a renal protective effect as evidenced by a significant decrease in inflammation and apoptosis during histopahtological investigation. The administration of CCl4 resulted in an optional appendage in malondialdehyde (MDA) production due to an extraction in membrane lipid peroxidation. CUR can have an important role to warfare protecting the kidney from oxidative abuse.
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Sexually transmitted infections
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Sexually transmitted infections and inadvertent pregnancies gift a pleasant risk to the reproductive health of women. Female controlled vaginal products directed toward sickness prevention and contraception is needed urgently. Patel et al71 developed poloxamer based thermo suffering contraceptive vaginal in situ hydrogel of CUR, a forest derived CUR fused. Biodegradable hydrogels impregnated gone Poloxamers and HPMC K4M could next to the proceed of a non-hormonal, women approachable, long acting and biocompatible intravaginal contraceptive dosage form. The dosage form was optimized using a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken Design (BBD). From BBD, it is concluded that batch containing 19.96% Poloxamer 407, 3.83% Poloxamer 188, 0.91% HPMC K4M was optimized, which could have maximum quarters period, fine efficacy in terms of contraception and highest fan submission. The dosage form could be used additionally as a spermicide inside a condom. CUR showed many beneficial effects with Clomiphene citrate in treating polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) condition and inducing ovulation. CUR restored the hormone and lipid profile, antioxidant and glycemic status as competently as ovarian morphology in Letrozole induced PCOS animals due to its join up pharmacological behavior which could be useful in managing PCOS condition and prevent ovarian cell dysfunction, ovulation and thereby improving fertility. CUR can be a promising drug for treating clinical and pathological abnormalities in PCOS condition.72 Akinyemi et al73 investigated the preventive effects of turmeric rhizomes upon some biomarkers of male reproductive play in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. Dietary supplementation once turmeric rhizome was allied gone restoration of systolic blood pressure, sperm motility, testosterone level and an take prematurely of antioxidant status in the epididymides and testes of L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. Turmeric rhizomes could be harnessed as active foods to prevent hypertension-mediated male reproductive dysfunction.
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Radioprotective or radiosensitizing effect
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Curcuminoids are skillfully antioxidant polyphenols as soon as radiomodulatory properties, radioprotecting non-cancerous cells even though radiosensitizing tumor cells. Lopez-Jornet et al69 investigated the possible protective effects of lycopene and CUR on the subject of the parotid glands of 40 female Sprague Dawley rats during irradiation ofradiotherapy. Morphological and histopathological analyses showed less cell necrosis in the intervention treated bearing in mind CUR than supplementary groups. Lycopene and CUR unmodified 24 h back irradiation edited the structural flashing to the salivary glands. Sebastia et al70 reported the dual discharge faithfulness viz radioprotecive and radiosensitive of polyphenols presence in CUR. They proposed for the observed radiosensitization is connected to the G2-checkpoint abrogation by compromising its effectiveness to arrest the damaged cells in the G2-phase, resulting in a significant extraction in the comply of radiation-induced chromatid breaks. These polyphenols exert simultaneously a dual mode of doing but the overall radioprotective or radiosensitizing net effect would depend upon the cell-cycle status of the cells at the period of irradiation.
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Cardioprotective effects
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CUR has extensive cardioprotective effects contiguously diabetic cardiovascular complications, cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial infarction. Hong et al67 assessed and explored the molecular mechanism of the cardioprotective effects of CUR by a rat model of coronary artery ligation. The genechip results suggested that gene discussion in the stick zone of infracted left ventricle of rats is a dimensional process after myocardial infarction. After treatment subsequent to CUR some amelioration in cardiac produce a result, infarct sixe and serum biochemical markers were noted. Cardioprotective effects CUR are similar subsequently cytokine-cytokine receptor contact, ECM-receptor relationships, focal adhesions and colorectal cancer. The idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is a profound sickness that mainly affects pulmonary arterial circulation. This undergoes a remodeling as well as than subsequent narrowing of flow in the small pulmonary arteries. Because of this broken an increased vascular resistance gradually develops and on summit of times it carries out in hears failure. CUR has been considered a potent antiinflammatory agent useful for inflammatory diseases. Long investigations of all along-inflammatory effects of CUR showed a role for inactivation of NF-jB mediated inflammation.
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